Background & Objective: Candida genus comprises diverse species of yeast and yeast like fungi that some of them especially candida albicans are parts of the normal flora of human body. They are opportunistic parasites that cause diseases. There are currently limited effective drugs against those fungi. Hence this may lead to the emergence of resistant species. The aim of present study was evaluation of antimycotic effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole against candida species. Method: Present survey is an experimental study that has evaluated antifungal effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole on candida species which were isolated from patients. These drugs were applied to 30 cases of candida albicans and 30 of other species of candida. In addition, resistant and sensitive species of candida were used. Broth and Agar mediums were used to culture the mentioned fungi and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined for each drug. Results: Results showed that candida albicans species were more sensitive to clotrimazole and nystatin than to miconazole(P<0.01). Other candida species were more sensitive to all these drugs as compared to candida albicans(P<0.01). No significant difference was observed between the MIC averages of two methods. The MIC averages of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole for candida albicans were 2.2µg/ml, 2.6µg/ml and 18µg/ml respectively. The mean MIC of the mentioned drugs for other candida species was 0.81µg/ml, 0.56µg/ml and 1.2µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that determination of species and doing sensitivity tests before any treatment are required and important; and on the whole, nonalbicans species were more sensitive than albicans species in the presence of the above drugs.

Bakground and objectives: "The comb antibiotic sensitivity test" is a quick, reliable and cost effective method to determine the susceptibility of bacteria to different antibiotics. The purpose of this study is to design a plate that is easy and quick to use, and enable to be interpreted easily without the need for measurement of the margins with a ruler.Material and Methods: First, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute data about the maximum growth inhibitory haloes formed with antibiotics and various micro-organisms were statistically examined and determined that the most (99.7%) zone of inhibition growth is formed in the range of 42 mm. Accordingly, the obtained number (42 mm) and conventional plate size (100 mm) used for testing sensitivity were punched into Solid works software which was used to determine the best place of strip and shoulder plates. After that the efficacy this media were examined by determination of MIC Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia, non-graded and graded plate shoulders were searched and compared.Results: Has been placed two combs MIC in a plate in this method and didn’t create growth inhibitory haloes interferences. Obtained MIC for Nitrofurantoin (10 µg/ml), Amikacin (0.5 µg/ml), Gentamicin (1 µg/ml), and Amoxicillin (0.5 µg/ml) against S.aureus, MIC Nalidicsic Acid, Amikcin, Gentamicin and Nitrofurantoin against K.pneumonia was 0.1, 0.5, 0.5 and 10 µg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: The comparison between this new innovative method and standard methods (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute-CLSI) shows that there a marked reduction in the interference of antibiotic therapy and will also reduce time of interpretation.

Background and Aim: There are some rich sources of antifungals in medicinal herbs. They have general acceptance due to their low cost and insignificant side effects. The efficacy of Peganum harmala (P. harmala) extract against Candida species was investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, we used the maceration technique to obtain P. harmala aqueous and alcoholic extracts, and assess their antifungal activity against different species of Candida albicans (C. albicans), Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) and Candida krusei (C. krusei). We used the microdilution method to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The tests were repeated in triplicate for higher accuracy. Results: The aqueous and alcoholic P. harmala extracts showed antifungal activity against C. albicans in 100 mg/mL concentration. The antifungal efficacy of P. harmala alcoholic extract against C. glabrata (MIC: 100 mg/mL) was higher than the aqueous extract (MIC: 200 mg/mL). The antifungal efficacy of P. harmala alcoholic extract against C. krusei (MIC: 1. 56 mg/mL) was higher than the aqueous extract (MIC: 12. 5 mg/mL). Conclusion: The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of P. harmala were effective against all species of Candida particularly Candida krusei. The alcoholic extract of P. harmala was more effective than its aqueous extract against C. glabrata and C. krusei.

Background: Using disinfectants that inactivate microorganisms in various industries, from the pharmaceutical to the food service industry, has been increasing over the last few years. Antimicrobial disinfectants are used as primary treatment options against pathogens on surfaces in healthcare facilities to help prevent healthcare-associated infections. The aim of this study was to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the disinfectants used and study the corrosion of surfaces in contact with these disinfectants. Methods: In this study, MICs and MBCs of the disinfectants against B. cereus, S. cerevisiae, P. aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis were measured by the microdilution method. Ethanol, percidine, benzalkonium chloride, and deconex 50ff were examined for antimicrobial effects. Results: The findings showed that S. cerevisiae had the lowest level of disinfectant resistance, whereas B. cereus consistently exhibited higher resistance. Additionally, when compared to other disinfectants at lower concentrations, deconex 50ff was the most potent disinfectant that resulted in microbial growth suppression. Deconex 50 FF had MICs of 0. 101, 12. 939, 3. 235, and 1. 617mg/L for S. cerevisiae, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis, respectively. In contrast, MBC of S. cerevisiae, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis were 0. 404, 25. 879, 12. 939, and 6. 470 mg/L, respectively. Macroscopic analysis of stainless steel and plastic sandwiches treated with the specified disinfectant concentrations revealed no corrosion. Conclusion: Considering the importance of these microbial strains in healthcare-associated infections, using these effective disinfectants is recommended in the pharmaceutical industry.

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are considered as the most commonly used host for industrial manufacturing of therapeutic proteins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of hygromycin B in both CHO-DG44 and CHO-S cells since hygromycin B resistance cassette can be used for future selection of gene expression in CHO cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the microdilution method. In this test, CHO cells were subjected to a range of hygromycin B concentrations for a defined period of time. Moreover, CHO cells were scaled up with no addition of fresh culture medium during the growth– culture cycle to investigate their growth. The MIC for hygromycin B in CHO-DG44 cells was 75 μ g/ml and for CHO-S cells was 50 μ g/ml. Thus, it has been indicated that CHO DG44 cell line could be more effective for stable cell line development than CHO-S cell line.